This paper proposes that a nation's major national interests do not change abruptly, but instead are relatively fixed and are dictated to a great extent by international political, economic and military realities. The dangers of apparent abandonment, or failure to recognize the importance, of a nation's long-term vital interests are pointed out, and historical examples discussed. Characteristic weaknesses of US foreign policy are elucidated and some corrective measures are suggested for the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, King,Alwyn H, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA, *FOREIGN...
This paper analyzes the impact of nuclear armaments on US national and military policy since World War II. The immediate post-World War II years are reviewed with the conclusion that the threat of the atomic bomb was of little value for specific application during this period of US nuclear monopoly. The era of US superiority during the 1950's is assessed, including the nuclear threat during the Korean conflict, the concept of massive retaliation, and the 1956 Suez crisis. Evidence supporting...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roberge,Ronald A, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
Military power continues to be perceived as fundamental to the international bargaining process. Hence, concerns over the shifts in the strategic balance are germane to the question of whether this nation will continue to accomplish, with a modicum of success, its foreign policy goals. The four essays reflect the complex nature of assessing the strategic balance and relative importance of the forces which shape that balance. The first paper underscores the role conventional forces play in the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Fair,Stanley D, Kennedy,Robert, Scott,John F, Wilborn,Thomas L, ARMY WAR COLL...
Simulations can serve to evaluate alternative system designs and proposed retrofits, and performance of subsystems and elements organic to crisis management systems. Doctrinal behaviors of the system during crises are described along with possible deviations. A structure of simulations is developed along with four perspectives or classes of system factors. Methods for evaluation are described along with criteria applicable to each perspective. Criteria other than direct measures of time are...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Havron, M Dean, Blanton, Robert L, HUMAN SCIENCES RESEARCH INC MCLEAN VA, *CRISIS...
Recent events and trends in world affairs have focused attention upon the issue of inter-state economic conflict and possible national security implications in the decade ahead. In this context, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) took the initiative within the Department of Defense (DOD) to sponsor a workshop which would bring together key individuals from Government, the academic community, and the private research sector for purposes of exploring and discussing the national security...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Minckler, Rex D., Rebh, Richard G., OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ARLINGTON VA, *NATIONAL...
Since 1966, the United States and Indonesia have developed a friendly and cooperative relationship based on a pagmatic appreciation of mutual interest. Although there are disturbing questions about future Indonesian internal stability, US interests are such that a continued American positive response to Indonesian security requirements, particularly in terms of military assistance, is desirable.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Weatherbee,Donald E, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
Eighteen States and the District of Columbia were represented at the second conference of collegiate instructors in foreign service training subjects, which was held at the New Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., December 26, 1923, under the direction of the former advisory council and committee of fifteen on educational preparation for foreign service, now known as the National Council on Foreign Service Training. The topic of the conference was practices and objectives in training for foreign...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Chemistry, Civics, United States History, Human Geography, Foreign Countries,...
This Fact Sheet reports findings from an ongoing study of the representation of 9/11 and terrorism in curricula, textbooks, and state standards documents. The study was conducted in three stages. The first two stages focused on how supplemental curricula and best-selling social studies textbooks published between 2002-2010 present the events of 9/11 and their aftermath to secondary school students. In 2011, a third stage of the study was added. This stage extended the previous ones by including...
Topics: ERIC Archive, United States History, Terrorism, Air Transportation, Suicide, Curriculum...
The "ISSS Annual Conference Proceedings" is a peer-reviewed professional publication published once a year following the annual conference. (Individual papers contain references.) [For the 2009 proceedings, see ED504973.]
Topics: ERIC Archive, Social Studies, Proverbs, Social Justice, Global Approach, Photography, Visual Aids,...
On July 26-27, 2008, FPRI's Wachman Center hosted 37 teachers from across the country for a weekend of discussion on teaching U.S. Military history. Sessions included: (1) The Revolutionary War and Early American Military History (Kyle Zelner); (2) The Mexican-American War (Paul Springer); (3) The Civil War (Mark Grimsley); (4) The Frontier Years (Vance Skarstedt); (5) The American Military and Society (Peter Karsten); (6) The Spanish-American War and the Philippine War (Brian McAllister Linn);...
Topics: ERIC Archive, United States History, War, World History, History Instruction, Land Settlement,...
The Foreign Policy Research Institute held its 11th History Institute for Teachers on June 5-6, 2004, bringing together forty-five teachers from fifteen states for a weekend of lectures and seminars. Sessions included; (1) Colonial Origins of American Identity (Walter McDougall); (2) Migration and Colonization (Daniel Richter); (3) Liberty and Religion in American Society (J. C. D. Clark); (4) Struggle for Mastery in North America (Jeremy Black); (5) The Origins of American Constitutionalism...
Topics: ERIC Archive, United States History, Foreign Policy, Land Settlement, Migration, Religion,...
This essay is based on the author's presentation at the Wachman Center's July 26-27, 2008 history institute, co-sponsored and hosted by the Cantigny First Division Foundation of the McCormick Tribune Foundation. For Europeans, World War I remains the epochal event of the twentieth century. For Americans, the war falls between two much larger and more emotive events in American history, the Civil War and World War II. Although the war did not result in destruction for Americans on the European...
Topics: ERIC Archive, United States History, War, World History, History Instruction, International...
This document includes the following issues of this journal: volume 18, number 3, Summer 2002; volume 18, number 4, Fall 2002; volume 19, number 2, Spring 2003; and volume 19, number 3, Summer 2003. The summer 2002 issue of "The Bill of Rights in Action" views problems related to victims of war. It focuses on the internment of Japanese Americans in camps during World War II, the court case that upheld it as constitutional, and subsequent attempts to compensate those held in the camps;...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Ancient History, Black Leadership, Capitalism, Civil Rights, Discussion (Teaching...
For U.S. neo-idealists, the 1990s represented a moment to be seized, a time in which the strategies of conflict and confrontation of the Cold War period could be replaced by strategies designed to enhance cooperation among the nation-states. In 2001, the George W. Bush administration found itself in the position of continuing the same Bill Clinton era search for a strategic framework around which to organize U.S. foreign policy. Evidence of these policies can be found in four strategic...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Foreign Policy, Higher Education, International Relations, Literature Reviews,...
During World War II, a close friendship and excellent working relations developed between President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) and Prime Minister Winston Churchill that were crucial in the establishment of a unified effort to deal with the Axis powers. In early 1941, FDR began the long-term correspondence that developed into a close working friendship with Churchill. This working relationship was highlighted by many joint appearances and agreements that not only addressed the immediate needs...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Academic Standards, Foreign Policy, National Standards, Presidents of the United...
This 10th grade social studies lesson and language arts interdisciplinary curriculum unit asks students to examine the 19th century debate over U.S. foreign policy. Students engage in role playing and debate the expansionist policy versus the anti-imperialist policy. The unit includes an activity description, background information, questions to guide research, online resources, and reflection questions. The teacher is provided with notes describing the unit's purpose, correlation to standards,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Cooperative Learning, Current Events, Debate, Foreign Policy, Grade 11, High Schools,...
The History section of the Proceedings contains the following 13 papers: "The Big, Not-So-Bad, Wolf: Cultivating a New Media Image" (Richard Gross); "The Forgotten Battles: Congressional Hearings on Television Violence in the 1950s" (Keisha L. Hoerrner); "President Nixon's China Initiative: A Publicly Prepared Surprise" (Zixue Tai); "Passion and Reason: Mississippi Newspaper Writings of the Secession Crisis, 1860-1861" (Nancy McKenzie Dupont); "Ruth...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Activism, Advertising, Foreign Policy, Higher Education, Journalism Education,...
Following the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the American government refused to grant de jure recognition to the Soviet regime. American courts likewise refuse to acknowledge the legal existence of the Soviet Union in matters concerning Russian property in the United States. In the 1933 Litvinov Assignment, when President Roosevelt granted conditional recognition to Moscow, the Soviets assigned its rights to Russian property in the U.S. to the American government. The assignment, however, proved to...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Millett,Stephen M, AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO, *FOREIGN POLICY,...
The paper examines arms transfer policies, patterns, and trends since World War I and determines their role as a function of international power and diplomacy. It determines the relationship between arms trade and overall trade patterns. Factors affecting US arms sales to other countries are explored, with focus on the relationship between arms sales and US security. The paper discusses the interrelationship of arms trade patterns and alliance arrangements, with attention given to the benefits,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hankee,William B, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
The memorandum discusses developments which have created the necessity to reevaluate the strategic importance of the South Atlantic. Soviet policy in Africa and Soviet capabilities in the South Atlantic may threaten long-range NATO and US interests in the area, but the results will have more immediate political than military importance. Several US policy options are considered. The conclusion is that the United States should not seek new, formal military alliances in the region; however,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roberts,Kenneth E, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
The US-Israeli 'special relationship' has drawn the United States into a closer and more direct involvement in the Middle East. This memorandum analyzes the basis for the US-Israeli connection and various plausible options for the form and structure of future US-Israeli relations. The author indicates that, in the absence of a comprehensive peace settlement, formalization of the relationship is unlikely in order to retain US flexibility with both Arabs and Israelis. However, ultimately, some...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Chambers,Howard L, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
This digest discusses the need for teaching about the Vietnam War, possible reasons for the negligible treatment the subject receives in social studies classes, and some instructional approaches to the material. Currently, students lack a systematic and detailed knowledge of this turning point in U.S. history. The impact of the Vietnam War on U.S. foreign policy, domestic politics, and social history cannot be overestimated. The controversial nature of the War and its ensuing political...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Asian Studies, Controversial Issues (Course Content), Diplomatic History, Educational...
This book discusses foreign policy issues and provides background information on current topics. This edition examines the following major issues: (1) "Conflict in Former Yugoslavia: Quest for Solutions" (Susan L. Woodward); (2) "South Africa: Forging a Democratic Union" (Jean Herskovits); (3) "Environmental Crisis in Former Soviet Bloc: Whose Problem? Who Pays?" (William Sweet); (4) "Trade with the Pacific Rim: Pressure or Cooperation?" (Jinny St. Goar);...
Topics: ERIC Archive, African History, Developing Nations, Environment, Foreign Countries, Foreign Policy,...
This briefing book provides background information on current foreign policy issues. This edition discusses the following major issues: (1) "U.S. in a New World: What Goals? What Priorities?"; (2) "United Nations: What Role in the New World?"; (3) "Germany's Role: In Europe? In the Atlantic Alliance?"; (4) "China: New Reforms, Old Politics?"; (5) "Trade and the Global Economy: Projecting U.S. Interests"; (6) "Russia and the Central Asian...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Asian History, Developing Nations, Diplomatic History, Economics, Foreign Countries,...
Understanding Politics, 10 edition by Thomas M. Magstadt
Topics: political, united, war, international, democracy, chapter, military, politics, soviet, economic,...
Foreign Policy March April 2015 03 04
Topics: nuclear, numec, radiation, united, international, weapons, tion, shapiro, russian, nuclear weapons,...
A study of American-Chinese relations in the period 1944-1966, this unit for high school students focuses on a number of problems which American policy-makers have had to confront in this period. These problems include the liquidation of Japanese power, the Communist-Nationalist schisms and the rise of the Communists to power, the Korean War, the Quemoy-Matsu crisis, and the question of recognition. The student is asked what the proper goals of foreign policy are, and at the conclusion of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Asian History, Curriculum Guides, Foreign Policy, Government Role,...
Intended for college-preparatory students at the high school level, this unit investigates the changing tides in U.S.-Soviet diplomatic relations and the reasons for the change. The focus of the unit is on a series of particular episodes such as the questions of famine relief in the 1920's, diplomatic recognition in the 1930's, World War II, the Berlin Blockade, the Hungarian Revolution, and the Cuban missile crisis. Introductions set each episode in context, and the student is asked to assess...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Curriculum Guides, European History, Foreign Policy, History,...
Focusing on James K. Polk's handling of the diplomatic crisis with Mexico, which followed his accession to office, and on the results of the Mexican War, this unit asks the student to evaluate Polk's actions. In the evaluation, the student must assess the responsibilities of presidential leadership and confront the implications of power in international affairs. Subsidiary questions include the relationship between the President and Congress in the making of foreign policy, the problem of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Area Studies, Curriculum Guides, Foreign Policy, History, History...
Recent arms control negotiations have emphasized constraints on nuclear armaments and forces and, when they have dealt with conventional armaments, have tended to focus on quantitative limitations. With rapid advances in technology, increased ability to pay for modern weapons in areas such as the Middle East, and increased availability of modern weapons for export, several conventional arms competitions have taken on distinct qualitative dimensions as well as quantitative ones. The US Arms...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gessert,Robert A, Cover,William W, Bieber,George R, McClary,Michael V, GENERAL...
This study is an investigation of the desirability and feasibility of placing qualitative constraints on conventional arms competitions by means of negotiated arms control agreements. Using an inductive and empirical approach, the study develops a conceptual structure for determining whether US arms control policy should pursue such constraints in particular situations. Past experience in arms control and the principal issues involved are surveyed with attention to qualitative aspects, and the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Gessert,Robert A, Cover,William W, GENERAL RESEARCH CORP MCLEAN VA OPERATIONS...
Focusing on the controversy which surrounded Thomas Jefferson and the Embargo of 1807, this social studies unit examines the numerous factors which affect presidential policy-making and leadership. The unit presents newspaper accounts of the boarding of the American frigate "Chesapeake" by the English in 1807 and enumerates the factors that influenced Jefferson's subsequent response to the situation--(1) Jefferson's temperament, his political philosophy and feelings about the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Curriculum Guides, Decision Making, Democratic Values, Foreign Policy, Leadership,...
Exploring the dilemma and responsibilities of power, this social studies unit begins with an article by a Chinese Communist who attacks America as aggressively imperialistic and ends with an article by an Englishman who lauds American imperialism. Sections of the unit discuss (1) the nature of imperialism, (2) the substance of European imperialism, as well as the political pressures and ideologies, at the end of the 19th century, (3) the imperialistic course taken in the early 20th century by...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Colonialism, Curriculum Guides, Developing Nations, Economic Factors, European...
Possible responses to the question (whether asked for innocent or ideological reasons) 'Why does the United States prop up dictators' is discussed. Dividing all 160 states of the world into 4 categories (Communist totalitarians, non-Communist totalitarians, democracies, and the others--mostly authoritarian), the discussion analyzes why the United States does not support Communist dictators, why it does support democracies, and why, and on what basis, it interacts with non-Communist dictators...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wermuth,Anthony L, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
The 1974 Cyprus crisis and the chain of subsequent events have led to a new low in US-Turkish relations, created a most serious threat to the viability of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) southeastern flank, and reduced US capability to pursue its interests in the Middle East. These events have occurred at a time when other developments in the region are making sound US-Turkish relations and continued firm commitment of Turkey to her NATO and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Trinnaman,James E, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA, *UNITED...
The study concludes that the demonstrative and discrete use of the armed forces for political objectives should not be an option which decision-makers turn to frequently, nor quickly, to secure political objectives abroad, except under very special circumstances. Over the longer term these uses of the armed forces were not an effective foreign policy instrument.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Blechman,Barry M, Kaplan,Stephen S, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION WASHINGTON D C, *MILITARY...
In particular circumstances, demonstrative uses of the armed forces can sometimes be an effective way--at least in the short term--of securing U.S. objectives and preventing foreign situations inimical to U.S. interests from worsening more rapidly than more fundamental policies can be formulated. Thus, at times, and although decisionmakers should view these options with some caution, the demonstrative use of the armed forces for political objectives is a useful step to shore up a situation...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Blechman, Barry M, Kaplan, Stephen S, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION WASHINGTON DC, *FOREIGN...
Taking into account the impact of domestic, inter-Arab, Arab-Israeli, superpower, and other international economic, political, military, and social considerations, this research identifies the areas of convergence of and divergence between United States interests and policies and those of Egypt, of Iraq, and of Syria. It also suggests techniques and policy alternatives that might enable the United States to capitalize on cooperative potential and minimize possible conflicts with these...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McLaurin,R D, Mughisuddin,Mohammed, AMERICAN INSTITUTES FOR RESEARCH WASHINGTON D C...
Contents: Honorable Eugene V. McAuliffe US-USSR Competition and Evolving Balances of Power; The US-USSR Strategic Equation -- Strategic and major substrategic forces; The Third World and US-Soviet Relationships; The People's Republic of China and the US-Soviet Relationships; Economic Interdependence and the US-Soviet Relationships; and International Technology Transfers.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Stovall,Don O, NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIV WASHINGTON D C, *NATIONAL SECURITY,...
Employment of military force in times of crisis is increasingly questionable. Therefore, other means of international suasion increase in importance. One form is civilian-based defense (CBD) which is lauded by proponents as 'tough' and 'pragmatic.' Democratic and totalitarian societies each have their strengths and weaknesses in dealing with it. Totalitarians may go so far as genocide against which nonviolent resistance is largely helpless. They are little bound traditional concepts of morality...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Deutsch,Harold C, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
This memorandum discusses current trends in socioeconomic and political change in Central America and the Caribbean as they relate to US interests in the region and to US national security policy. The conclusion is that the development and maintenance of viable nation-states that are favorably disposed to the United States are goals of fundamental importance, due to the area's proximity and because of the conviction that viable nation-states stand a better chance of maintaining their security....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Fischbach,Lee C, Marcella,Gabriel, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE...
This is one unit of the series described in SO 000 378. It is necessary for the students to understand that the seeds of international cooperation must be cultivated, and that the methods of peaceful solution to world conflict must be constantly re-evaluated and supported. Several specific objectives are listed: 1) to understand the basic foreign policies and the philosophic foundations that have dominated the history of our relations with other nations; 2) to understand the role each...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Citizenship, Citizenship Responsibility, Cross Cultural Studies, Foreign Policy,...
The paper discusses three aspects of policy on U.S.-USSR exchange of technology: (1) Technology export; (2) technology import; and (3) Soviet capacity to pay. Each question is reviewed from security, political, and economic standpoints. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy change or modification.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wolf, Jr, Charles, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, *INTERNATIONAL TRADE, *EXCHANGE,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pauker,Guy J, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, *INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, FOREIGN POLICY,...
The present paper examines Soviet-U.S. naval interaction and its influence on Soviet Naval development and is drawn from a larger study still in progress on the role of the interaction phenomenon in the area of strategy- foreign policy-military posture. The paper is set in a chronological framework of three distinct periods, selected more or less arbitrarily on the basis of broad changes in the political and strategic setting in which the postwar Soviet-U.S. relationship has evolved.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wolfe, Thomas W., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, *POLITICAL SCIENCE, *MILITARY STRATEGY,...
This study is drawn from a report submitted in March 1975 to the Dept. of Defense, Bureau of International Security Affairs. It considers questions concerning the perceptions the People's Republic of China hold about SALT and the strategic military balance between the Soviet Union and the United States. It also examines how sensitive these Chinese perceptions are to real or potential shifts in the Soviet-American strategic balance.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pillsbury,Michael, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, *ARMS CONTROL, *INTERNATIONAL...
The major focus of U.S. strategic planning has long been on general nuclear war, conceived of as a rapid and massive exchange of most of the U.S. and Soviet Union strategic arsenals. Lesser forms of strategic conflict have received attention from academic strategic theorists, but until recently were not considered seriously in U.S. defense planning. With President Nixon's oft quoted question in 1970 of whether or not the President should have more than one option to deal with nuclear attack on...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Strauch,Ralph E, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CALIF, *FOREIGN POLICY, *STRATEGIC WARFARE,...
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WERE TO EXAMINE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE DEFENSE PROCUREMENT PROCESS HAS BEEN MODIFIED OVER A PERIOD OF TIME BY THE PROVISION OF UNIQUE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES TO ACCOMMODATE FMS procurements, to explore the evolution of the FMS program and to ascertain the procurement problems associated therewith, and to assess the implications of the evolving FMS program with respect to defense procurement policies and procedures. The inquiry was limited to FMS of major...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McChesney,Jack Lester, AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO, *CONTRACT...
The evolution of US Strategic policy has involved as succession of transitory periods from the founding of the Republic to the present. The most profound change, fro virtual isolation to total international involvement, occurred between, 1865 and 1918. This memorandum analyzes the factors which influenced America's shift from neutrality through unilateralism into multinational alliances including the impact of economics and technology, the character of American society and politics, and the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Agnew,James B, Cooling,Benjamin F, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE...
Centering around case studies of American military intervention (1898 to 1933) in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Nicaragua, this unit invites the student to compare the results of such intervention with the foreign policy goals and ideals the interventions were intended to implement. It confronts him with the dilemma of power in international affairs, with the difficulties inherent in executing foreign policy, with the problem of misunderstanding and misinterpretation caused by differences...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Case Studies, Democratic Values, Foreign Policy, Induction,...