This author, a teacher of political science and liberal studies, states his belief that challenging students to examine and analyze radical ideas develops their capacity to think clearly and skeptically. Following in this spirit, this essay examines the discrepancy between the stated objectives of American foreign policy and its practice. The author contends that this discrepancy is best exemplified by the apogee of war crimes: genocide. In support of his belief, he presents an analysis of two...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Political Science, Foreign Countries, Foreign Policy, Death, Anxiety, War, Crime,...
This thesis describes long-range forecasting models that were developed for the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa to cope with the problem of projecting important economic, political, military, and social variables over a five to twenty year range. On the basis of imperfect data that is available for these regions, this study examines the innovations introduced to handle the unstable situations found in developing areas of the world. Limited to the Middle East region, this effort...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Alvarez,Everett , Jr, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF, *POLITICAL SCIENCE,...
The paper examines arms transfer policies, patterns, and trends since World War I and determines their role as a function of international power and diplomacy. It determines the relationship between arms trade and overall trade patterns. Factors affecting US arms sales to other countries are explored, with focus on the relationship between arms sales and US security. The paper discusses the interrelationship of arms trade patterns and alliance arrangements, with attention given to the benefits,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Hankee,William B, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
The memorandum considers the flexible strategic response doctrine, adopted by the United States in 1974, displacing assured destruction as the rationale for nuclear strategy. Through this doctrine, deterrence of a Soviet attack was to be achieved by response with selective strikes commensurate to the provocations. The author states that this significant change in American policy was preceded by an impressive body of literature in scholarly journals, which criticized and proposed alternatives to...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wilborn,Thomas L, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
The memorandum discusses developments which have created the necessity to reevaluate the strategic importance of the South Atlantic. Soviet policy in Africa and Soviet capabilities in the South Atlantic may threaten long-range NATO and US interests in the area, but the results will have more immediate political than military importance. Several US policy options are considered. The conclusion is that the United States should not seek new, formal military alliances in the region; however,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Roberts,Kenneth E, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
This report of a study at the University of Maryland describes an international, interactive, and interdisciplinary project for first- and second-year students, which combines a large lecture format with small-group, seminar-type sessions organized around a computer-assisted simulation model, the International Communication and Negotiation Simulation (ICONS). Students learned about negotiation strategies through case studies and materials on cross-cultural communication. Strategies were tested...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Active Learning, Case Studies, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer Simulation,...
This annotated bibliography introduces students to the reference resources of political science, including international relations, and suggests bibliographic tools to facilitate literature searches. The list is limited to general reference works. The bibliography is divided into the following categories: (1) Guides to the Literature; (2) Encyclopedias (Social Sciences, Political Sciences, and Specialized); (3) Dictionaries (Political Science and Biographical); (4) Handbooks; (5) Yearbooks; (6)...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Annotated Bibliographies, Area Studies, Diplomatic History, Foreign Countries,...
This booklet analyzes the changes that have occurred in Japan in the postwar period. The book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1, "Revolutionary Change: American Occupation, 1945-52," focuses on the dramatic changes brought by Occupation forces. Chapter 2, "Evolutionary Change: Japan's Democracy from the Occupation through the 1980s," chronicles almost 40 years of uninterrupted conservative rule. Chapter 3, "The Transformation of 1993-94," addresses the more...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Asian Studies, Change, Democracy, Foreign Countries, Foreign Policy, Human Relations,...
This booklet examines the issue of humanitarian aid in times of crises and how the political and military conditions that generate the need for humanitarian action have changed in the post-cold-war era. There are different faces of civil war, changes in international assistance, and complex emergencies that demand new world responses to help those caught in need. Political realities must be taken into account as the human-needs agenda is addressed. The book has five chapters. Chapter 1,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Altruism, Conflict, Cooperation, Foreign Countries, Foreign Policy, Human Relations,...
Junior colleges are increasing their community services--those activities beyond regularly scheduled classes--by (1) encouraging community groups to use college facilities and services, (2) providing the college's special educational skills to all age groups, (3) supplying leadership and coordination experience to community long-range planning and special group problems, (4) promoting cultural, social, and intellectual life of the community and enriching the use of leisure time. This paper...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Community Services, Discussion, Foreign Policy, International Relations, Political...
A study of American-Chinese relations in the period 1944-1966, this unit for high school students focuses on a number of problems which American policy-makers have had to confront in this period. These problems include the liquidation of Japanese power, the Communist-Nationalist schisms and the rise of the Communists to power, the Korean War, the Quemoy-Matsu crisis, and the question of recognition. The student is asked what the proper goals of foreign policy are, and at the conclusion of the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Asian History, Curriculum Guides, Foreign Policy, Government Role,...
Intended for college-preparatory students at the high school level, this unit investigates the changing tides in U.S.-Soviet diplomatic relations and the reasons for the change. The focus of the unit is on a series of particular episodes such as the questions of famine relief in the 1920's, diplomatic recognition in the 1930's, World War II, the Berlin Blockade, the Hungarian Revolution, and the Cuban missile crisis. Introductions set each episode in context, and the student is asked to assess...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Curriculum Guides, European History, Foreign Policy, History,...
This unit, geared initially for college-preparatory students at the high school level, asks the student to consider ways in which the past, however incompletely or inaccurately perceived, shapes our views of the present. Evidence is presented to show how both the isolationists and internationalists justified their actions by their interpretations of such things as the Neutrality Act of 1917, World War I, and the postwar reaction. Documents relating to the Nye Committee investigation and the...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Business, Curriculum Guides, Exports, Federal Legislation,...
Focusing on James K. Polk's handling of the diplomatic crisis with Mexico, which followed his accession to office, and on the results of the Mexican War, this unit asks the student to evaluate Polk's actions. In the evaluation, the student must assess the responsibilities of presidential leadership and confront the implications of power in international affairs. Subsidiary questions include the relationship between the President and Congress in the making of foreign policy, the problem of...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Area Studies, Curriculum Guides, Foreign Policy, History, History...
This two week unit has attempted to alleviate two deficiencies normally found in instructional materials: superficial treatment or neglect of developments since World War II; and, the overemphasis on conflict. Topics have been selected for in-depth discussion, and emphasize the Organization of American States, the Alliance for Progress, and the settlement of the El Chamizal Dispute. The goal achieved is better balance between conflict and cooperation in the discussions of United Stated foreign...
Topics: ERIC Archive, American History, Cross Cultural Studies, Discussion (Teaching Technique), Foreign...
Procedures for the operation of the Political-Military Exercise (PME) are detailed in this handbook as a means of involving political science students in the actual dynamics of international policy-making decisions through the PME game experience. Two basic designs for operating the simulation exercise are presented with a discussion of the format alternatives, facilities, materials, and administrative techniques required for each design. The first design, a 1- or 2-day concentrated game,...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Decision Making, Foreign Policy, Game Theory, Games, International Relations,...
Possible responses to the question (whether asked for innocent or ideological reasons) 'Why does the United States prop up dictators' is discussed. Dividing all 160 states of the world into 4 categories (Communist totalitarians, non-Communist totalitarians, democracies, and the others--mostly authoritarian), the discussion analyzes why the United States does not support Communist dictators, why it does support democracies, and why, and on what basis, it interacts with non-Communist dictators...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wermuth,Anthony L, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
The 1974 Cyprus crisis and the chain of subsequent events have led to a new low in US-Turkish relations, created a most serious threat to the viability of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) southeastern flank, and reduced US capability to pursue its interests in the Middle East. These events have occurred at a time when other developments in the region are making sound US-Turkish relations and continued firm commitment of Turkey to her NATO and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Trinnaman,James E, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA, *UNITED...
This publication, latest in a series of volumes issued annually since 1960, contains primary source documents on arms control and disarmament developments during 1969. The main chronological arrangement is supplemented by both chronological and topical lists of contents. Other reference aids include a subject/author index, and lists of abbreviations, international organizations, conferences, and persons. Among other things, contents include: documents and statements originating from national...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Agencies, Armed Forces, Bibliographies, Disarmament, Federal Government, Foreign...
This annual report surveys activities of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) and summarizes disarmament developments for the calendar year 1968. An act of Congress states that ACDA must have such a position within the Government that it can provide the President, the Secretary of State, other officials of the executive branch, and the Congress with recommendations concerning United States arms control and disarmament policy, and can assess the effect of these recommendations upon our...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Agencies, Annual Reports, Armed Forces, Disarmament, Federal Government, Foreign...
Employment of military force in times of crisis is increasingly questionable. Therefore, other means of international suasion increase in importance. One form is civilian-based defense (CBD) which is lauded by proponents as 'tough' and 'pragmatic.' Democratic and totalitarian societies each have their strengths and weaknesses in dealing with it. Totalitarians may go so far as genocide against which nonviolent resistance is largely helpless. They are little bound traditional concepts of morality...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Deutsch,Harold C, ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA,...
The present paper examines Soviet-U.S. naval interaction and its influence on Soviet Naval development and is drawn from a larger study still in progress on the role of the interaction phenomenon in the area of strategy- foreign policy-military posture. The paper is set in a chronological framework of three distinct periods, selected more or less arbitrarily on the basis of broad changes in the political and strategic setting in which the postwar Soviet-U.S. relationship has evolved.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wolfe, Thomas W., RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, *POLITICAL SCIENCE, *MILITARY STRATEGY,...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Mendershausen, Horst, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, *POLITICAL SCIENCE, *WESTERN EUROPE,...
This paper presents the final report of the discussion at the second SRI/SSC-IMEMO/IUSAC Joint Symposium on U.S. /USSR Strategic and Economic Issues held in Moscow on 24-27 September 1974. The first two sections cover the background and objectives of the symposium and the ground rules for dialogue that were established. A summary of discussion is then presented followed by a description of agreements reached on the continuation of the dialogue to include joint research projects and symposia....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Foster, Robert B., Ellsworth, Robert, Lukasik, Stephen J., Hyland, William C.,...
This report constitutes the final technical report of year two of the International Behavior Analysis (IBA) Project. The Project's basic goal is to provide a means for producing comparative, empirical generalizations about how, when, and why nations are likely to act, react, and interact. Three distinct kinds of behavior are being analyzed. First, the identification of sources of national action is a central objective. Nations act externally in response to domestic and/or foreign stimuli. Three...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, Hopple, Gerald W., MARYLAND UNIV COLLEGE PARK DEPT OF...
An analysis of threat situations in the domestic and international system is presented. The basis for analyzing domestic threats as a system phenomenon is explained. Data are reported for the severity, development speed and spread of domestic and international threats over a four month period.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Simon, Jeffrey, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS...
The changing definition of international crisis is noted and related to the three major series of crises in the twentieth century. The rapid adaptation and institutionalization of American foreign and defense policy machinery to fit the crisis conditions of the Cold War era are traced in order to indicate the nature of the dislocation that began to occur in a 'transition period' after 1964. The need to restructure and reinstitutionalize concepts and practices in the American foreign affairs...
Topics: DTIC Archive, McClelland, Charles A, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES DEPT OF...
This paper investigates the need for an Army liaison staff to Congress for strategic matters. The historical and descriptive approaches are used to evaluate pertinent documentary evidence. The Congressional process, as it pertains to military policy, is illustrated with two different models. In recent years Congress has displayed a strong desire to curb the powers of the President and to reassert Congressional prerogatives. However, in attempting to reassert control, Congress may be ignoring...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Patrick, Dennis M., ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS,...
In this volume the primary intent is to uncover the objective functional relationship between import and export dependencies as they affect the reliability of supply in the past and the future. Until recently, under the aegis of American hegemony, and due to the role the oil multinationals played, both oil exporting and oil importing countries exhibited a sufficiently high degree of dependence on the trade in oil to bring about a symmetry in their reciprocal conditions. The manipulation of oil...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Arad, Uzi B, Smernoff, Barry J, HUDSON INST CROTON-ON-HUDSON NY, *INTERNATIONAL...
This report sets down the results of research on some of the significant problems relating to energy and national security. The emphasis taken by this study goes beyond the more obvious first-order issues, previously analyzed. It deals with less obvious but increasingly important problems, and including: (1) The relationship of the security of oil supplies to prevailing market conditions in the past and in the future; (2) The more general question of access to non-oil global resources and U.S....
Topics: DTIC Archive, Arad, Uzi B, Smernoff, Barry J, HUDSON INST CROTON-ON-HUDSON NY, *INTERNATIONAL...
This report analyzes the Soviet concept of the correlation of forces. It attempts from review of historical and contemporary Soviet literature (1) to illuminate the various factors subsumed under the concept, (2) to indicate the extent to which the concept represents a systematic approach to foreign policy, and (3) to assess the Soviet leadership's current evaluation of the international balance between the United States and the USSR.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Deane, Michael J, STANFORD RESEARCH INST ARLINGTON VA STRATEGIC STUDIES CENTER,...
This report endeavors to explore one ot those many elusive variables in the complicated confrontation environment of the Middle East. That variable includes consideration of the inherent strength and political influence of the Palestinian Resistance Movement, and why and how since the first al Fatah raid of 1965 Syria has proven to be, if not the most consistent, as least the most practically helpful of those Arab regimes who have at one time or another chosen to patronize the movement. In...
Topics: DTIC Archive, L'Heureux, Richard J, AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH,...
This study examines the role of selected Soviet social science research institutes in the administration of Soviet foreign policy. The history, organization and fields of research of a number of Soviet institutes with greatest foreign policy impact are documented, along with biographical and career patterns of key institute personnel and other important figures in Soviet social science. In addition, this study describes Soviet social science research methods and approaches employed in current...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Soll, Richard S, Zuehlke, Jr , Arthur A, Foster, Richard B, STANFORD RESEARCH INST...
The thesis analyzes the impact of the October 1973 Middle East War on super-power Middle East policy. The analysis is conducted within the context of the overall Middle East crisis, both before and after the 1973 War. Consideration is given to the historical roles of the US and USSR in the Middle East to highlight the changes in those roles as a result of the War. New patterns of super-power involvement in the area are described and the potential effects of these patterns on future Middle East...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Rypka, Allan E, NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, *MIDDLE EAST, *POLITICAL...
The simulation game "Conflict", stressing decision making in foreign policy, has several specific objectives which are: 1) to demonstrate the complexity of decision making in foreign policy; 2) to raise questions on foreign relations; 3) to make students aware of problems in world affairs; 4) to help students understand relationships that exist between nations; and, 5) to gain insight into the difficulty of putting theory into actual practice. Conflict in the Middle East is a brief...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Class Activities, Conflict, Developing Nations, Educational Games, Foreign Policy,...
The overall purpose of this Interim Technical Report is to provide the basis for the improvement of long-range environmental forecasting through the use of quantitative methods. This volume provides a step by step procedure that analysts can use to generate forecasts of the long-range environment. The document is based on and should be used in conjuction with CACI's A General Handbook for Long-Range Environmental Forecasting, Interim Technical Report No. 2 (February 1973).
Topics: DTIC Archive, Franco, G Robert, Leavitt, Michael R, CACI INC-FEDERAL ARLINGTON VA, *ECONOMETRICS,...
The overall purpose of this Interim Technical Report is to provide a basis for the improvements of long-range environmental forecasting through the use of quantitative methods. This volume provides the technical discussion of the model that was developed to forecast values of five central environmental descriptors for the European environment of the 1985-1995 period. The descriptor variables considered were international conflict, international alignment, national power base, internal...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Franco, G R, Weil, Herman M, Greenberg, Aaron, German, Larry, Hartwick, Douglas, CACI...
The overall purpose of this Interim Technical Report is to provide a basis for the improvement of long-range environmental forecasting through the use of quantitative methods. This voulme provides a summary of the technical work that is presented in the second volume of the Report. The document summarizes the methodology that was developed to forecast values of 5 central environmental descriptors for the European environment of the 1985-19995 period. The descriptors considered were:...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Franco, G R, Weil, Herman M, Greenberg, Aaron, German, Larry, Hartwick, Douglas, CACI...
A primary preoccupation of Soviet foreign policy since World War II has been the control of Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe has been important to the USSR for several reasons: the military security factor, the springboard factor, the communist internationalist factor, and the ideological security factor. Soviet policy toward Eastern Europe has differed importantly in the Khrushchev and the Brezhnev eras. After 1956, following Stalin's attempt to achieve total control of the area, Khrushchev...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Brown, J F, RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA, *FOREIGN POLICY, *INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,...
This report outlines the development and organization of the Project Manager's Office for the modernization of the Saudi Arabian National Guard. It lays out the managing of the program through FMS sales cases to include materials, construction and contract training of the National Guard Units by a U. S. contractor. Examples are given of the modernized units organization and of equipment and costs associated with the program. A pattern is described for a new type of military assistance through...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Smith, James D., ARMY WAR COLL CARLISLE BARRACKS PA, *NATIONAL GUARD, *SAUDI ARABIA,...
Guidelines for generating forecasts and simulations are also presented in this Technical Appendix to enable Department of Defense personnel to become better acquainted with the approaches to generating meaningful, interesting, alternative futures for comparing the strategic implications of contrasting developments. Finally, the Appendix contains several annexes that identify the nations used in the study, the years and sources of all data, the model parameters, the computer forecasting program...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Weil, Herman M, McIlroy, John J, CACI INC-FEDERAL ARLINGTON VA, *COMPUTER...
The primary goal of the current project is to enhance long-range forecasting capability in the defense community by developing and introducing new methodologies that add a simulation capability. A second, but no less important, purpose is to provide the defense community with high quality forecasting models for the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa in support of the JLRSS. In this connection, JCS/J-5 has operational current models for the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa that can be...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Weil, Herman M, McIlroy, John J, CACI INC-FEDERAL ARLINGTON VA, *COMPUTER...
This report describes the development of long-range forecasting models for the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. Volume 1, the Executive Summary, summarizes the work on all tasks in non-technical language. Volume II, Research Findings, describes the long-range forecasts and simulations and their implications for strategic policy and planning. Volume III, the Technical Appendix, describes in detail all phases of the study. These include the identification of key concepts and their...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Weil, Herman M, McIlroy, John J, CACI INC-FEDERAL ARLINGTON VA, *COMPUTER...
The objective of the International Behavior Analysis (IBA) Project is to construct and Implement an analytical framework capable of providing insight into the actions and interactions of certain states in certain situations. The Project's emphasis is thus comparative and in this connection will construct and implement a typology of nations and a typology of international events.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, Andriole, Stephen J, MARYLAND UNIV COLLEGE PARK DEPT OF...
This consultant paper is intended to provide information useful to a goal of this curriculum development project in the war/peace field, that is to encourage students to search intelligently for alternatives to war. The most fundamental assumptions used in thinking about international law are described, including some assumptions about systemic relationships. Several conceptual models of arrangements for management, settlement, or the outright prevention of conflict are presented to define...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Conceptual Schemes, Conflict Resolution, Court Litigation, Foreign Policy,...
The newsletter of this national organization presents commentary on the foreign policy relationship between the United States and China and cites relevant current information. In the summer, 1971 issue introductory comments on the Taiwan policy dilemma appear, as well as announcements of study programs, conferences or symposia, and field staff activities. A main section, China in the News, summarizes current news items based largely on New York Times, Washington Post, and Far Eastern Economic...
Topics: ERIC Archive, Asian History, Communism, Foreign Countries, Foreign Policy, Government Role,...
The report develops and demonstrates various means of using quantitative indicator technology in analyzing and predicting future international trends. Three generic types of indicators were created to enhance the analysts abilities to estimate future international interaction trends: international, internal, and economic. Issue content, intensity of participation, behavioral tone, and other types of indicators were used. Two innovative methodologies were devised to help the policy analyst:...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Spector, Bertram I, Brownell, Jr , James R, Hayes, Margaret Daly, Keynon, Gary A,...
;Contents: Japanese international behavior; Data collection and preparation; Issue indicators; Behavioral tone index; Dyadic intensity index; Power strategy indicators; Internal political indicators; Economic indicators; Event patterning for decision analysis; Power strategy impact analysis; Application of event patterning for decision analysis; Application of power strategy impact analysis; Internal prediction models of Japanese international behavior; Economic prediction models of Japanese...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Spector, Bertram I, Brownell, James R , Jr, Hayes, Margaret Daly, Keynon, Gary A,...
The report describes research efforts to develop and apply quantitative indicators to national security problems. The report consists of two volumes. Volume I, the Executive Summary, is a non-technical review of the research accomplishments with special emphasis on their potential, immediate applications within the defense and intelligence communities. Volume II, the Technical Report, summarizes the specific results of the fiscal 1975 research effort. Volume III contains appendices to the...
Topics: DTIC Archive, Spector, Bertram I, Brownell, Jr , James R, Hayes, Margaret D, Keynon, Gary A, Moore,...
This volume presents the preliminary findings of the pilot study; a summary of input papers on Soviet foreign policy formulation and coordination in Europe; an analysis of the Soviet perception of detente; and a working hypothesis on how the USSR formulates and coordinates its foreign policy.
Topics: DTIC Archive, Pipes, Richard, Foster, Richard B, Dornan, Jr, James E, STANFORD RESEARCH INST...